Graphene possesses some significant mechanical properties like high in-plane stiffness, highly versatile Young’s modulus and tensile strength due to the hexagonal 2-dimensional lattice consisting of sp2 hybridized C-C bonds.[48-49] Besides, mechanical properties of graphene are influenced by some other factors like- defects, no. of layers, stitching quality of adjacent boundaries and angle of tilt boundaries.[50] Below table shows a summary of the inherent mechanical properties of different layered graphene.
Graphene manifests very good heat conveyor properties due to its elastic arrangement of atoms in the honeycomb tight compacted lattice. The thermal conductivity of graphene is about 5 × 103 Wm-1k-1, which is three times as high as diamond and higher than carbon nanotubes (CNT).[27][55] It has been demonstrated that the specific heat of graphene is bifurcated into atoms vibrations in the lattice (phonons) and free electron contributions. Specific heat, C = Cp + Ce; where Cp = Phonons’ contributions and Ce = free electrons’ contributions. Electrons’ contributions can play a significant role in doped materials, though phonons’ contribution is dominant in graphene generally. [56] Furthermore, the in-plane heat flow direction is always greater than the out-of-plane direction in graphene due to the hexagonal 2-dimensional lattice consisting of sp2 hybridized C-C bonds.
Wide range of polymer composites is available now based on different nanofillers like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphite, metal-oxides, nano-clay, nano-cellulose, carbon nanofiber (CNF) and graphene pellets (GPs) etc. both for thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer matrix materials. Commonly used matrix materials are thermoplastic matrix materials (polyethene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane etc.) and thermosetting matrix materials (epoxy, polyester, phenolic resin etc.).[57-60]
Graphene has successfully attracted the researchers’ attention due to its fascinating properties and is being used in a wide range of fields. Very surprisingly it is expanding its territory day by day and has been established as a miracle material. This wonder material is still under research and every new day unlocks a new scope of application.
Researchers are working hard to figure out the existing deficiencies. They are seeking for easy and advanced diagnostics. Graphene has been discovered to use in precise biosensing, stem cell differentiation, cell proliferation & control, cancer treatment, drug delivery system and some other disease diagnostics.[61-62] Among the successful discoveries, some are really outstanding like- biocompatible hydrogel composite produced via physical cross-linking of PVA chains between graphene oxide (GO) platelets showed a controlled release of Vitamin B12 depending on solution pH, and it could be used in drug delivery, graphene oxide (GO) is used with biopolymers to improve their biocompatibility, mechanical strength, cell adhesion, and proliferation properties, specifically for various tissue engineering applications and very recently Graphene/PEG (Polyethylene Glycol)/Fe3O4 hybrid composite have been studied for applications on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Localized Photothermal Therapy of magnetically guided cancer cells.[63-67]
Graphene has been able to occupy an important position in electronics. A number of electronic devices which are of time demand have been developed with the aid of graphene. Low-cost, easily recyclable display screens have been developed by using graphene instead of the indium-based electrode in OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode).[68] As electrons can move faster on graphene compared to silicon, Field Effect Transistors (FET) and High-frequency Transistors based on graphene could be refined. On top of that, in recent years researchers have successfully developed graphene-based transparent electrodes like organic thin-film transistors, touch screen, LEDs, solar cells, and smart windows etc.[69-71]
Lithium-Ion Battery (LiB) is one of the most potential energy storage system. Its high absolute potential (about -3.04V) and low atomic weight (6.94gm/mol) leads to large energy density (up to ~400Wh/Kg).[72-73] LiB is very promising for especially portable electronics, power tools, and electric vehicles. Several metal oxides like TiO2, MnO2, CoO, NiO, VO2, V2O5, LiMn2O4, LiCoO2, SnO2, Co3O4, Fe3O4 are hybridized with graphene as an anode material for Lithium-ion Battery (LiB)s to improve its performance.[65,74] Very recently, the high energy efficiency of LiB is being used to improve the quality of energy produced from wind, solar, geothermal and other renewable sources.[75] Another important energy storage device is supercapacitor or electrochemical capacitors or ultracapacitors.[76] High power density (10KW/kg) and short charging-discharging time of these supercapacitors have created a wide range of applications, including load cranes, forklifts, electric vehicles, electric utilities, factory power backup and so on.[77-78]
Graphene has been established as a potential sensor due to the change in conductance as a function of the extent of surface adsorption and large specific area. It can detect a variety of molecules such as gases to biomolecules.[60,79] It has been demonstrated that graphene and graphene-based polymer composites can also be used as a pH sensor, Pressure sensor and Temperature sensor.[43, 78–88]
Environmental pollution caused by both water and gases is the most issue in this present world. Everyone is seeking for ways to mitigate the environmental hazards and trying to develop new technologies if possible. Among the different approaches discovered to face environmental challenges, using nanomaterial has drawn pretty good interests.[89] Graphene-a 2D nanomaterial- has been used in environmental pollution management with an emphasis on gas adsorption and water remediation. Graphene and graphene-based composites are being used in water treatment membranes as well as pollutants removing electrode materials.[90] Furthermore, if the gasoline power transportations can be replaced by the graphene-based lithium battery (LiB), it would reduce the CO2 emission and thus reduce the environmental pollutions.
In this age of awareness, everybody is after ensuring getting safe and comfortable vehicles with minimum energy. Actually energy-efficient and safe vehicle means a lighter, less polluting and more fuel-efficient new generation vehicle.[36, 91] It has been demonstrated that for each 10% reduction in weight, lightweight material technology can improve vehicle fuel efficiency by 6–8%.[92] Graphene with its fantastic properties can be used in various parts of the vehicles (shown below).
5.7 Textile Applications
In recent years smart textiles (e-textiles) have drawn tremendous research interest and are the most promising especially for sportswear, medical textiles and military applications.[93] There exists a lot of methods of producing e-textiles but unfortunately, none of these is eco-friendly nor cost-effective. Graphene inks have been demonstrated to be the promising candidate to eradicate such kinds of problems. Graphene inks can be applied on textiles by ink-jet printing instead of incorporating various electronic devices on textiles.[94-98] Furthermore, very recently a team from the University of Manchester have discovered a scalable and more importantly cost-effective graphene-based e-textiles manufacturing process which has secured the firm position of graphene in e-textile applications.[99] A pretty good number of researches has been fruitfully carried out to ensure e-textiles as conductive as well as strong, highly elastic, mechanically flexible, wearable, and lightweight.[100–104]
6. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
The properties of graphene provide basically vast potential for various applications. Graphene and Graphene-based composites have occupied a huge place in advanced engineering applications including energy conversion, energy storage, transparent electrodes, biological and biomedical, etc. Due to the tremendous consumption of limited energy, the earth is forwarding towards future energy crisis and many environmental imbalances. Graphene, for its outstanding electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, and good structural stability, have taken our focus to mitigate this energy and other environmental challenges. Aforementioned review study reveals that graphene is the most promising potential candidate for next-generation materials as well that are being sought immensely for a smooth future. The structure and associated properties of graphene have proved itself as a miracle material indeed.
Acknowledgements
We would like to convey our heartfelt gratitude to Marzia Dulal (Assistant Professor at Bangladesh University of Textiles) and Mr Sudip Dey (Assistant Manager, Sparkle Colors (Agent for Dystar), Bangladesh) who has supported us in literature collection and critical analysis.
CONFLICTING INTERESTS
There is no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
FUNDING
There is no funding agency used for this research. This is a self-funded work.
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