Supplier selection criteria: Many industries have adopted the flexible production philosophy of mass customization as a reaction to the fast-changing customer demand environment. In relation to that mixed-model production (MMP) is a possibility for increasing flexibility, especially in the assembly department. However, many apparel companies have failed in their transition from traditional manufacturing to new, flexible manufacturing, which makes it difficult for them to be selected as suppliers who are capable of MMP.
In most of the studies that have been done before, the problem of supplier selection was based on productivity and cost as the main selection criteria. As an alternative solution this research presents a new group of criteria for supplier selection with respect to the goal of MMP. The methodology of combining the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) with the support of the commercial software package Expert Choice and cluster analysis (CA) is proposed in this study.
The results obtained present a new group of criteria, ranked by their importance, that the supplier needs to fulfil in order to be selected for MMP. Furthermore the large number of available suppliers was grouped into four clusters based on their similar characteristics by using CA. Finally the most acceptable cluster for MMP was selected using AHP. The methodology presented in this study can support the apparel industry in better decision making in the process of selecting the best group of suppliers for mixed-model production.
Introduction
In recent years, with rising production costs and stringent environmental regulations, an increasing number of manufacturers have shifted their production process to the Mainland China and other Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, and Thailand. Manufacturers in those countries need to understand what their retailers and customers need in order to compete with their competitors from other countries. This implies that they need to know how the customers choose a supplier. By focusing on those criteria, manufacturers can continuously improve supply chain operations.
This is particularly important for the textile/ apparel industry. The typical problems that those apparel manufacturers encounter are long distance from customers in the US and European markets, long production lead time, and forecasting errors for seasonal items. The characteristic of fashion apparel is that they have short product life cycle therefore time to market is a very important dimension in that sector. Countries which are close to the US markets are less likely to be affected by competition from India and China. Mexico, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, and North Africa are therefore likely to remain as important exporters to the US and can possibly maintain their market shares easily.
For the above reasons, manufacturers in the Asian countries have forced to improve the efficiency of their supply chains and to enhance competitiveness, for example, applying quick response (QR) philosophy. Being flexible and adaptive is a key to survival in future competition. The first objective of this study is to determine the variables or criteria in selecting the best supplier and to develop a supplier selection model based on these variables. This provides a simple but important evaluation method that can help retailers in selecting the right supply partners. The second objective is to discuss the management and implementation of QR in supply chain and explain how important the QR strategy in fast moving fashion market is.
The rest of this writing provides a brief review of the related studies, summarizes the research method and the proposed Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model with MMP, which is applied later on.
Types of suppliers
Nominated supplier
Non-nominated supplier
Nominated supplier
Nominated suppliers are the suppliers who are recommended by the buyers of a particular order. This process was initiated by the buyers to achieve a better control over their product, throughout the supply chain. This process has become more common in recent days. The nominated suppliers are mainly recommended for the products like accessories, fabrics, packaging material and logistics. This improves the consistency in the product quality and on-time deliveries for the buyers irrespective of the manufacturing company.
The major reasons behind this process are as follows:
The nominated suppliers can supply the high-quality raw materials as prescribed by the buyer so that the buyer will not have any quality deviation between different manufacturing firms.
The nominated supplier can avoid unnecessary delays in the order processing. Since they are developing raw materials or products for only this buyer, they know the importance very well.
Advantages of nominated supplier
Time saving for garment manufacturer because they have to only deal with one supplier to get one or more material
Quality assurance of the raw materials is ensured and taken care by buyer
Nominated supplier can be involved in product development since they are already having good experience in the area.
Disadvantages for nominated suppliers
The nominated suppliers may become overconfident about their product quality
There may be a monopoly arising in the market
Nomination may lead to unethical practices like corruption by agents and traders
Loss of price competitiveness as supplier may sometimes overcharge.
Non-nominated supplier
Most of the time, the buyer use to send the technical information sheet of a particular order and he/she will ask the manufacturers to source the raw materials, accessories and other materials to develop their product. In this situation, the manufacturers will access different vendors / suppliers who are in 160 Apparel Merchandising their company data base as a regular supplier and they choose the particular one based on their requirements.
Advantages of non-nominated supplier
The non-nominated supplier works hard and tries his best to follow the instructions given by buyer or garment manufacturer due to highly competitive market
Garment exporter may get the chance to explore with the innovative products offer by a non-nominated supplier
The manufactures may also get some potential suppliers who can offer high quality product at low-cost, based on the raw material availability or technology available.
Disadvantages of non-nominated supplier
There may be flaws in the quality of the raw material due to a communication gap between buyer and supplier
To get involved with these suppliers in product development process is a difficult task
It will be difficult for the buyer to control the areas like social compliance and ethical business practice norms followed by these suppliers
Selection process
This writing applies methodology for the Selection of Suppliers for Mixed model Production (SSMMP) and the procedure for the selection of suppliers is heuristically presented. This methodology will incorporate the application of AHP and CA; AHP is deployed with the use of Expert Choice commercial software. The method ranks criteria in order of importance for supplier selection and for choosing the most suitable supplier for mixed-model production, while the application of CA allows the grouping of suppliers based on equivalent or similar features.
The methodology for selecting a supplier for mixed-model production consists of four stages:
Defining criteria important for the selection of a supplier for multi-model production.
Ranking the criteria according to importance.
Evaluation of existing suppliers based on previously defined criteria, and
The selection of the most appropriate group of suppliers for mixed-model production.
1: There is a two-stage definition of those criteria relevant for the selection of suppliers for mixed-model production. First, based on the literature review, the dominant group of criteria that play a significant role in the process of the selection of a supplier is determined. Then a team of professionals – key to the decision-making process – is put together drawing on specialists from different segments of the garment industry. This selection of team members with different backgrounds and breadth of experience may generate greater objectivity in decision making. The decision-making team used in this study is made up of six professionals from the ranks of top management in globally active and well-known purchasing houses, managers of suppliers for global fashion brands as well as researchers and consultants in the field of garment production. First the team must select the key criteria – from a previously constructed group – related to the research problem i.e., how to select suppliers for mixed-model production.
Figure 1. Research model for supplier selection for mixed-model
production.
Table 1. Supplier selection criteria ranking.
Selection
criteria
Team member
Criteria
ranking result
1
2
3
4
5
6
Product
quality level (QL)
0.349
0.246
0.277
0.084
0.227
0.308
0.248
(1)
Production
flexibility (PF)
0/213
0.090
0.277
0.121
0.153
0.087
0.156
(2)
Product
range (PR)
0.126
0.090
0.097
0.178
0.023
0.049
0.093
(6)
Technical
capability (TC)
0.090
0.090
0.066
0.266
0.024
0.269
0.137
(3)
Production
capacity (PC)
0.076
0.246
0.046
0.266
0.064
0.091
0.131
(5)
Management
system (MS)
0.069
0.153
0.190
0.031
0.328
0.055
0.137
(4)
Logistics
position (LP)
0.044
0.055
0.023
0.022
0.100
0.025
0.044
(8)
Financial
position (FP)
0.034
0.028
0.023
0.031
0.064
0.117
0.049
(7)
2: Based on personal judgement, team members rank the key criteria for the selection of suppliers for mixed-model production. This ranking is constructed using a scale of values from 1 to 9, signifying the levels of importance in terms of achieving the goal stated [26, 27]. Then a comparison is performed between paired factors, arranged by Expert Choice – the software then deployed for data analysis [28, 29]. The end result is a ranking of key factors calculated as the geometric mean of individual values obtained from each team member.
3: In this phase, the existing suppliers are surveyed. The aim is to determine the extent to which certain factors are presented by a particular supplier. The survey was designed using key performance indicators (KPI) for work at a garment company [30]. KPI values of the company are used to determine the extent to which a particular factor is present in a particular supplier. The survey results are then translated into values of 1, 2 and 3: high, middle and low levels of satisfaction of specific factors. After this ranking, suppliers are arranged into groups based on similar features: each group contains elements that, while similar, are yet distinct from those in other groups.
4: Finally, taking into account previous factors ranked by importance, each group or cluster is valued according to whether the group fulfils the conditions of an ideal supplier for mixed-model production. The group of suppliers that fulfils the highest number of key factors can be judged most suitable to supply mixed model production. Evaluation of the clusters is performed by each team member individually, and the end result for the most suitable supplier is the geometrical mean of the results of all members.
Selection criteria
Based on the literature review and consensus achieved among team members, a selection of the most important criteria for selecting a supplier capable of mixed model production is made. These are as follows:
Financial position (FP) refers to the willingness and ability of the supplier to produce the order for the price agreed with the customer.
Logistic position (LP) refers to the supplier’s ability to optimize the timing, transportation and storage costs of the goods.
Management system (MS) is a system for interrelated departments to ensure not only satisfaction of legal conditions related to environmental, health and safety issues but also the provision of production planning, training, research and development.
Technical capability (TC) is the ability of the supplier, by using their capacity, to fulfil production requirements according to the accepted standards and customer needs.
Production capacity (PC) includes all the supplier’s necessary equipment, facilities, infrastructure, human resources and knowledge for the production of customer orders.
Production flexibility (PF) is the ability of the supplier to respond swiftly to changes related to alterations of the product type.
Product quality level (QL) refers to the implementation of the quality management system (QMS) with all necessary quality check stations to ensure efficient quality tracking and quality assurance (QA).
The supplier produces a number of different types of products over the study period, known as the product range (PR).
Conclusion
The purpose of this study is to develop a decision support model by using MMP to solve the supplier selection problem in the apparel industry. Supplier selection is no longer just the issue of obtaining lower product prices but also a faster and reliable delivery. The model presented here addressed the most relevant issues in searching suppliers the apparel industry. With the use of the model, supplier selection will be much easier and effective for buyers.
Reference
1. Supplier Selection for Mixed-Model Production: A Case Study from the Apparel Industry (Author Stojanov T, Ding X)
2. Supplier selection in small- and medium-sized firms: The case of the US textile and apparel industry (Jin Su, Vidyaranya B. Gargeya)
3. Supply Chain Management in the Textile Industry: A Supplier Selection Model with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (Murat Albayrakoglu)
4. Apparel Merchandising (R. Rathinamoorthy and R. Surjit).
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